- The Usefulness of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Bone Lesions.
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Bohng Hee Kim, Gyung Yub Gong
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Korean J Cytopathol. 2002;13(2):51-59.
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- To determine the usefulness of fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) of bone lesions and the complementary role of FNAC and percutaneous needle biopsy, 75 cases of FNAC taken from bone lesions were analyzed. Correlations with histopathology were possible in 47 cases, including 14 cases of simultaneous core biopsy and 33 cases of subsequent open biopsy due to inadequate aspirates. Among 75 cases, 4 cases were benign tumors and tumor-like lesion, 11 cases were malignant primary bone tumors, 17 cases were metastatic tumors, and 43 cases were nonneoplastic bone lesions. The aspirates were adequate in 35 cases(46.7%), in all of which the discrimination between benignancy and malignancy was possible. The main reason for inadequate aspirates was due to hypocellularity. In the cases of aspiration and core biopsy simultaneously done, the diagnostic accuracy of aspiration, core biopsy, and both were 57%(8/14), 78.6%(11/14), and 92.9%(13/14), respectively. We conclude that a final diagnosis based on cytology is possible with the adequate aspirates and the clinical and radiological findings. Also we confirm the complementary role between FNAC and core biopsy in bone lesions.
- Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Pulmonary Hamartoma.
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Tae Jin Lee, Jin Sook Lee, Gyung Yub Gong, Shin Kwang Khang, Jae Y Ro
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Korean J Cytopathol. 2000;11(1):19-24.
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- Pulmonary hamartomas are uncommon benign tumors, usually discovered radiologically as a solitary coin lesion in asymptomatic individual. The approach to the patient with a peripheral lung nodule has changed with the increasing acceptance of fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) as a rapid, safe, inexpensive, and highly accurate diagnostic tool. However, a few reports describing the FNAC findings of pulmonary hamartoma have appeared in the cytologic literature and the experience of FNAC is limited. We reviewed all 9 cases of pulmonary hamartoma with histologic confirmation after FNAC seen at Asan Medical Center since 1995 to evaluate cytologic findings and to determine the value of FNAC in identifying that lesion. Originally, seven of nine patients were diagnosed as pulmonary hamartoma, while two patients were diagnosed as inflammatory lesion and adenocarcinoma of each. On review, eight of nine patients were considered as diagnostic of pulmonary hamartoma. The diagnostic findings in FNAC of pulmonary hamartoma were the presence of fibrillary myxoid tissue with spindle cells as well as hyaline cartilage.
- Cytologic and Histologic Correlation for Quality Assurance in Aspiration Cytology.
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Ho Jung Lee, Young Mee Cho, So Young Park, Joo ryung Huh, On Ja Kim, Gyung Yub Gong
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Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(11):1214-1221.
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- For quality assurance purposes, the authors correlated aspiration cytology and subsequent tissue findings and examined the reasons for discrepancies. In three months from Jan. to Mar. 1996, 1,383 aspirations were performed, of which 285 (20.6%) had subsequent tissue diagnoses within two months. The aspiration sites were thyroid (483), lymph node (LN) (290), breast (250), soft tissue (154), liver (89), lung (49), salivary gland (26), pancreas (22), gallbladder (3), bone (3), joint (2), adrenal gland (2), scrotum (2), mediastinum (2), omentum (2), oral cavity (1), chest wall (1), and intraabdominal (1) and pelvic cavities (1). A total of 68 discrepancies were identified, and biopsies and smears from these cases were reviewed monthly. In 27 cases (40%), the discrepancy was attributed to sampling error. In five cases (9%), aspiration gave superior results with better sampling and preservation than biopsy. Thirty six cases (53% of discrepant cases) were errors in cytologic diagnosis. We categorized these discrepancies into "A", "B", and "C" ("A": minor disagreement with no affect on patient care, "B": minimal affect on patient care, "C": major affect on patient care), which were 9 (13%), 14 (21%) and 13 (19%) cases, respectively. In thirteen cases of category "C", there were eleven false negative and two false positive diagnoses.
Eleven false negative cases included thyroid (3), lymph node (2), breast (2), bone (1), salivary gland (1), lung (1), and liver (1). Three cases of thyroid were papillary carcinomas diagnosed as nodular hyperplasia (1), occasional pleomorphic cells (1), and cystic change (1). Two breast cases of invasive ductal carcinomas were diagnosed as ductal hyperplasia. A malignant lymphoma was diagnosed as reactive hyperplasia and a metastatic carcinoma of LN was diagnosed as tuberculosis. Other cases were malignant tumors of bone, salivary gland, lung, and liver those were misinterpreted as benign lesion or normal. Of two false positive cases, one was nodular hyperplasia of thyroid diagnosed as papillary carcinoma and the other was normal islet cell of pancreas diagnosed as islet cell tumor. A continuous monitoring of laboratory performance is an essential component of the quality control and assurance, and the review of discrepant cases provides useful information for improvement of diagnosis.
- Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy: Report of an autopsy case.
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Tae Yub Kim, Young Min Kim, Jae Gul Chung, Gyung Yub Gong, Su Kil Park, In Chul Lee, Joo Ryung Huh
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Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(11):1233-1236.
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- A 35-year-old man was admitted with a 20 day history of generalized edema and muscular weakness of the lower extremities. He was alert with a pale puffy face and an ejection murmur was heard at the cardiac apex. The electrocardiogram disclosed low voltage, first degree atrioventricular block, and a right bundle branch block.
During the hospitalization an intractable diastolic hypotension developed, which measured 0 mmHg at the lowest point. At that time the echocardiogram revealed a dilated, akinetic right ventricle. Eventually a multiorgan failure developed and an autopsy following his death presented a fibrofatty replacement of the right ventricular myocardium.
This might be a case of an arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy, which is usually characterized clinically by a ventricular tachycardia and may cause a sudden death in young adults.
- Effectiveness of Transbronchial Fine Needle Aspiration in Diagnosing Lung Cancers.
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Tae Yub Kim, Gyung Yub Gong, Won Dong Kim, On Ja Kim
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Korean J Cytopathol. 1997;8(2):109-114.
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- Transbronchial fine needle aspiration(TBNA) is one of the cytologic methods in diagnosing lung cancers. TBNA can be used in cases of hilar, mediastinal or lung masses adjacent to the bronchi. We analyzed and compaired the findings of 27 cases of TBNA and bronchial washing and brushing(BW/BB) in lung cancers confirmed by either biopsy or surgical resection between Jun, 1996 and May, 1997 in Asan Medical Center. They were 18 cases of non-small cell carcinomas(eight squamous cell carcinomas, nine adenocarcinomas, and one large cell undifferentiated carcinoma), eight cases of small cell carcinomas, and one case of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. The sensitivity of TBNA was 37%(10/27) and false negative was 63%(17/27). Although the sensitivity of BW/BB was 56%(15/27), it was not different statistically from that of TBNA(Chi square, p=0.38). Overall sensitivity of TBNA and BW/BB in this series was 70%(19/27). Forty-seven percent of false negative TBNA(8/17) were positive in BW/BB. The findings suggest that the addition of TBNA to the standard BW/BB increases diagnostic yield in cytologic diagnosis of lung cancer.
- Oxyphilic Papillary Carcinoma of the Thyroid in Fine Needle Aspiration .
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Young Min Kim, Gyung Yub Gong, On Ja Kim
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Korean J Cytopathol. 1997;8(1):52-56.
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- Oxyphilic (H rthle) cells have abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasms and occur in both benign and malignant neoplasms of the thyroid gland. Most published studies described mainly oxyphilic tumors of follicular type, and reports on oxyphilic papillary thyroid carcinomas are rare.
The oxyphilic variant of papillary carcinoma differs from the classic papillary carcinoma in its more aggressive biological behavior. We report a case of oxyphilic papillary carcinoma exhibiting exclusively oxyphilic cells in a follicular pattern without papillary structures. The pattern of papillary carcinoma was confirmed by fine needle aspiration material and lymph nodal metastasis, both of which revealed typicaled papillary structures with characteristic nuclear features, psammoma bodies, and oxyphilic cytoplasm.
- Fine Needle Aspiration Cytologic Findings of Inflammatory Pseudotumor of the Lymph Node .
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So Young Park, Gyung Yub Gong, Joo Ryung Huh, Eun Sil Yu, In Chul Lee, On Ja Kim
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Korean J Cytopathol. 1997;8(1):87-92.
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- Reports on the cytologic or histopathologic findings of inflammatory pseudotumors are relatively infrequent and most of them have dealt with those involving the lung, liver, genitourinary tract, alimentary tract, spleen, mediastinum, retroperitoneum, etc. Moreover there have not been any cytologic studies of those involving lymph nodes. We present fine needle aspiration cytologic features of inflammatory pseudotumor occurring in a lymph node in a 64 year-old man.
The aspirate consisted of proliferating spindle cells and admixed histiocytes, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Histiocytes were present either singly or in loosely cohesive small clusters. A few multinucleated giant cells were present as well. However, tuberculosis could be excluded by the absence of typical granuloma, caseation necrosis, or characteristic mixed spindle and inflammatory cell components. Other benign and malignant lymphadenopathies could also be differentiated based on cytologic findings.
- Cytologic Features of Benign Phyllodes Tumors as Compared to Fibroadenomas of the Breast.
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Jae Hee Suh, Gyung Yub Gong, Jeong Mi park, Sei Hyun Ahn, On Ja Kim
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Korean J Cytopathol. 1996;7(2):151-156.
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- Phyllodes tumor(PT) is a rare distinctive fibroepithelial breast tumor that occasionally shows unpredictable clinical behavior. Wide excision should be the primary treatment of PT and enucleation, the standard procedure for fibroadenoma(FA), is proscribed due to high frequency of local recurrence. Therefore an accurate preoperative diagnosis of PT is essential in order to ensure proper surgical treatment. However, the differentiation between benign PT and FA is often difficult on the basis of cytologic findings.
In an attempt to better understand the cytologic features of benign PT and possibly to differentiate PT from FA on the findings of fine needle aspiration(FNA)smears, we reviewed cytologic smears from 22 histologically diagnosed cases each of benign PT and FA, respectively. The cytologic features assessed were cellularity and atypia of both epithelial and stromal components, and shape of epithelial cell clusters.
Atypia of stromal cells was more frequent in PT, while blunt branching pattern of epithelial cells was more frequent in FA.
The specific cytologic diagnosis of PT is not possible in many cases, but the abundance of stromal cells with moderate nuclear atypia in the correct clinical setting such as older age and larger size(>4cm) allows the diagnosis.
- Value of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Mucinous Carcinoma of the Breast.
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Yoon Jung Kim, Gyung Yub Gong, Joo Ryung Huh, Jeong Mi Park, Sei Hyun Ahn, On Ja Kim
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Korean J Cytopathol. 1996;7(2):157-162.
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- Fine needle aspiration(FNA) is an effective tool in diagnosing mammary carcinoma, We experienced 7 cases of histologically confirmed mammary mucinous carcinoma among 3,052 aspirated cases of breast from 1992 to 1996 in Asan Medical Center" The average age of the patient was 48(33-64) years. The mean size of the lesions was 1.6(0.7-3) cm, and they were palpated as well-defined, firm to hard masses. The cytologic features that may be useful in making a FNA diagnosis of mucinous carcinoma of the breast were analysed.
Mucinous background and tumor cell, clusters with occasional single cells were observed in all cases. Among them, two, cases showed abundant scattered single cells, whereas only few single cells were seen in the other two cases. Tumor cells exhibited mild pleomorphism in four cases, and moderate pleomorphism in three cases. Nucleoli tended to be not prominen and are observed in three cases, rarely noted in other three cases and not seen in one. There was microcalcification in four cases(57%). In conclusion, mucinous background and clustered tumor cells showing mild td moderate pleomorphism with characteristic clinical findings allow us to diagnose, mucinous carcinoma of the breast.
- Cytologic Features of Metastatic Melanoma.
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Jae Hee Suh, Joo Ryung Huh, Gyung Yub Gong
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Korean J Cytopathol. 1996;7(2):185-191.
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- Metastatic melanoma is often difficult to diagnose morphologically. However, the prognostic and therapeutic decision in cases of metastatic melanoma depends upon the morphologic documentation of the metastatic disease, which may rapidly and accurately be done by cytologic methods such as aspiration cytology of clinically suspicious lesion.
Cytological features of 12 metastatic melanoma are described. Evaluation for melanin pigment, background composition, cytoplasmic vacuoles, intranuclear inclusions, bi or multinucleated cells, eccentric nuclei, nucleoli, and degree of cellular cohesion were made. the presence of melanin pigment, prominent nucleoli, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions, lack of cell cohesion, and eccentric nuclei are the important and useful cytologic features in the diagnosis of metastatic melanoma. Bior multinucleated cells, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and bloody background are also frequently found in smears from metastatic melanoma.
- Cytologic Features of Soft Tissue Lesions.
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Soon Ae Oak, Gyung Yub Gong, Ghee Young Choe, Jur Yung Hch, Eun Sil Yu, In Chul Lee
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Korean J Cytopathol. 1995;6(1):27-35.
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- We reviewed 93 cases of fine needle aspiration of skin\subcutaneous and soft tissue lesions with histologic confirmation. On the basis of the most prominent cytologic features, morphologic classification of the aspirates was done.
Neoplastic lesions of soft tissue were categorized as ; round cell, spindle cell, polygonal cell, well-differentiated and myxoid tumor. This classification is convenient to recognize and categorize most soft tissue tumors.
- Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Peripheral Neuroepithelioma of Soft Tissue: Report of A Case.
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Yang Soon Park, Soon Ae Oak, Gyung Yub Gong, Ghee Young Choe, Joor Yung Huh, Eun Sil Yu, In Chul Lee
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Korean J Cytopathol. 1995;6(1):62-66.
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- Peripheral neuroepithelioma (PNE) of soft tissue is a malignant neuroectodermal tumor arising from peripheral(nonautonomic) nerve. It may occur in both children and adults, and are highly aggressive neoplasms that rapidly give rise to metastatic disease and death. We exprienced a case of peripheral neuroepithelioma of soft tissue in the upper arm in a 18-year-old female. Cytologic features revealed small round cells with scanty cytoplasm occurring both singly and in clusters. The clusters frequently tended to form Homer-Wright rosettes. The cells had a round to oval nucleus with fine chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli in a hemorrhagic background.
- Hairy Cell Leukemia: A case report.
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Jae Gul Chung, Gyung Yub Gong, Ghee Young Choe, Eun Sil Yu, In Chul Lee, Kun Choon Park, Sang Hee Kim
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Korean J Pathol. 1994;28(6):675-677.
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- Hairy cell leukemia is an uncommon lymphoreticular disorder which primarily involves bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood. Patients, mostly men, present with splenomegaly and pancytopenia usually. A 62-year-old man was admitted with an abdominnal mass which had grown slowly for 20 years. On physical examination, an enlarged spleen was palpated without tenderness. An abdominal CT scan showed a diffusely enlarged spleen, which measured 20 cm in greatest dimension.
In the peripheral blood, many atypical lymphocytes with abundant, delicate, surface projections were noted. They had tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP) activity.
Thrombocytopenia (60,000/mm3) was observed in the complete blood counts, Other laboratory data were within normal limits. He underwent splenectomy. The submitted spleen measured 26x15x5 cm and weighed 2150 gm. It was well encapsulated and the outer surface was smooth. Cut surfaces were diffusely dark-red. White and red pulps were indistinct. There was no mass-like lesion. Microscopically, the spleen consisted of monotonous mononulcear cells which involved red pulp. The white pulp was diminished, and could be barely recognized. Cells had small round nuclei and abundant cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally, cells with numerous slender surface projections were noted. In Korea, hairy cell leukemia is exceedingly rare. We report a case of hairy cell leukemia with characteristic pathologic features of spleen as well as those of peripheral blood.
- Serous Cystadenoma of the Pancreas.
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Young Mee Cho, Gyung Yub Gong, Ghee Young Choe, Eun Sil Yu, In Chul Lee
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Korean J Pathol. 1994;28(5):522-527.
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- Pathologists and others have been calling the serous cystadenoma of the pancreas "microcystic cystadenoma", following Compagno and Oertel's proposal in l978 because it usually consists of innumerable small cysts (less than 2cm).
However, unilocular or predominantly macrocystic types of serous cystadenoma have been occasionally reported.
Therefore, they present a difficulty in precise preoperative and intraoperative diagnosis for their simi1ar gross appearance to other cystic lesions of the pancreas. We discovered two cases of macrocystic and unilocular serous cystadenomas of the pancreas which were lined by cuboidal to flattened epithelial cells. They contained PAS positive and D-PAS negative intracytoplasmic glycogen granules. The unilocular, macrocystic and microcystic patterns may represent a morphologic spectrum of a pancreatic neoplasm.
So we propose to use the term "serous cystadenoma" rather than microcystic cystadenoma.
- Distribution of Smooth Muscles in Hemorrhoids.
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Jae Gul Chung, Ghee Young Choe, Gyung Yub Gong, Eun Sil Yu, Jin Cheon Kim, In Chul Lee
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Korean J Pathol. 1994;28(2):154-159.
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- Hemorrhoids are one of the commonest disorders specific to the human. However, the pathogenesis is not well understood so far. Anal submucosa is largely composed of blood vessels, loose connective tissue and smooth muscles, forming muscular network around the venous plexuses. We analyzed the distribution of smooth muscles in the hemorrhoidal tissues.
Immunohistochemical stainings for desmin, vimentin, and Factor VIII related antigen were performed using six freshly frozen hemorrhoidal tissues. All of them were diagnosed as external hemorrhoids. Four anal tissues from Miles' operation specimen without hemorrhoids were used as normal controls. In all six cases, venous plexuses were variably dilated and smooth muscle cells were unevenly distributed.
In minimally involved areas, there were relatively sufficient amount of perivascular smooth muscles which were arranged in their bundles. In contrast, only single scattered cells or very small amount of smooth muscle bundles were noted around the dilated vascular plexuses in severely affected areas. In two severe hemorrhoidal tissue samples, vascular plexuses were markedly dilated and only single scattered smooth muscle cells were seen. In conclusion, the total amount of smooth muscles in the submucosa of hemorrhoid tissue was reduced than those of the normal controls. The degree of hemorrhoidal dilation was inversely related to the amount of smooth muscles. However, causal relation between diminution of submucosal smooth muscles and venous dilation remains to be clarified.
- Estrogen Receptor Analysis in Fine Needle Aspirates and Frozen Sections from Human Breast Carcinomas.
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Gyung Yub Gong, Se Hyun Ahn, Kun Choon Park, Ghee Young Choe, Eun Sil Yu, In Chul Lee
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Korean J Cytopathol. 1994;5(1):10-14.
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- The expression of sex steroid hormone receptors by neoplastic cells is an important predictor of response to hormone therapy. Thus, the selection of treatment modality is often based on the identification of receptors in tumor tissue. Various monoclonal antibodies of high specificity are now available for analyzing the estrogen receptor(ER).
With these antibodies, biochemical enzyme immunoassay and immunohistochemistry using histologic sections have been used for ER analysis. We used fine needle aspirates from 15 human primary breast carinomas for the analysis of ERs. The semiquantitative receptor values obtained in cytologic specimens were correlated well with those from histologic specimens. The results of ER in fine needle aspirates were concordant with ER in histologic specimens(r=0.94). Only three cases showed a little difference in staining intensity and proportion of positive cells. Our results showed a good correlation between the receptor values determined in cytologic smears and those determined in tissue sections. It is suggested that measurement of the ER in cytologic smears may be a reliable technique which can be performed on aspiration cytologic samples.
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